The paper synthesizes global experiences and key lessons in the regulation and supervision of cyber risk in the financial ...

A mission was undertaken in Beirut, Lebanon, from September 2 to 4, 2025, by the IMF Middle East Regional Technical ...

Historically, Aruba benefited from population growth that expanded the labor force, thereby boosting productivity and ...

Sea-level rise presents long-term risks in Aruba that can lead to sizable permanent costs with potentially large ...

Croatia’s public spending efficiency in education and healthcare can be increased. Increased efficiency would free fiscal ...

After a period of sharp deceleration, inflation in Croatia has inched up since late 2024 to about 4–4½ percent year-on-year ...

This paper evaluates Armenia’s fiscal framework, focusing on fiscal rule design and implementation. Despite the 2018 reforms ...

While Botswana achieved strong post-independence growth supported by prudent macroeconomic management and diamond revenues, economic performance has weakened over the past two decades, with slower ...

Botswana faces mounting macroeconomic risks from intensifying climate trends and fiscal strain from electricity subsidies.

Botswana faces growing fiscal challenges driven by declining diamond revenues, rigid expenditure, and weakened fiscal ...

The paper discusses the introduction of a positive neutral countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) for Albania. The building ...

Climate change is macro-critical to Andorra: with (mostly winter) tourism accounting for one third of its economy, Andorra is ...