The growing importance of advanced sensing applications 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 has inspired significant investment in quantum sensing technologies. One area of particular interest is the development of ...

X-ray reflectometry (XRR), a surface-sensitive technique widely used for characterizing surfaces, buried interfaces, thin films, and multilayers, enables determination of the electron density ...

The relentless pursuit of higher precision in semiconductor lithography and atomic-scale manufacturing demands measurement systems capable of sub-nanometer accuracy, multi-axis capability, and robust ...

Grating-coupled interferometry (GCI) is a surface based, a label-free optical sensing technique used for real-time binding kinetic measurements. 1 Typically, GCI is used to detect binding events ...