Calcium is a very special nutrient. In the cells of most living beings calcium ions function as so-called second messengers to transmit important signals. The same applies equally to animal, plant and ...

Enamel formation, or amelogenesis, is an intricate developmental process in which specialised epithelial cells known as ameloblasts secrete enamel matrix proteins and orchestrate the mineralisation of ...

Sensitive plants (Mimosa pudica) quickly fold their many leaflets when touched, burned, or wounded. But the mechanism behind how these plants swiftly turn demure—and why—isn’t clear. New research ...

Calcium ions are presented in rocks, bones, shells, biominerals, geological deposits, ocean sediments, and many other important materials. Calcium ions also play major roles in the retention of carbon ...